Enhancing Silicon-Based Batteries
'Crushed' porous silicon anodes exhibit a dramatic increase in charge-discharge cycles
Researchers at Rice University have refined silicon-based lithium-ion technology by making a high-capacity, long-lived and low-cost anode material.
The discovery could have serious commercial potential for rechargeable lithium batteries.
The team led by Sibani Lisa Biswal and Madhuri Thakur, reported their work in Nature's open access journal Scientific Reports. They detailed the creation of a silicon-based anode, the negative electrode of a battery, that easily achieves 600 charge-discharge cycles at 1,000 milliamp hours per gram (mAh/g).
This is a significant improvement over the 350 mAh/g capacity of current graphite anodes.
That puts it squarely in the realm of next-generation battery technology competing to lower the cost and extend the range of electric vehicles.
The new work by Rice through the long-running Lockheed Martin Advanced Nanotechnology Centre of Excellence at Rice (LANCER) is the next and biggest logical step since the partners began investigating batteries four years ago.
"We previously reported on making porous silicon films," says Biswal, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering. "We have been looking to move away from the film geometry to something that can be easily transferred into the current battery manufacturing process. Madhuri crushed the porous silicon film to form porous silicon particulates, a powder that can be easily adopted by battery manufacturers."
Silicon can hold 10 times more lithium ions than the graphite commonly used in anodes today. But there's a problem: Silicon more than triples its volume when completely lithiated. When repeated, this swelling and shrinking causes silicon to quickly break down.
Many researchers have been working on strategies to make silicon more suitable for battery use. Now, scientists at Rice and elsewhere have created nanostructured silicon with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which allows the silicon to accommodate a larger volume expansion.
Biswal, Thakur and Michael Wong tried the opposite approach; they etched pores into silicon wafers to give the material room to expand. Earlier this year, they had advanced to making sponge-like silicon films that showed even more promise.
But even those films presented a problem for manufacturers, Thakur says. "They're not easy to handle and would be difficult to scale up." But by crushing the sponges into porous grains, the material gains far more surface area to soak up lithium ions.
Biswal held up two vials, one holding 50 milligrams of crushed silicon, the other 50 milligrams of porous silicon powder. The difference between them was obvious. "The surface area of our material is 46 square metres per gram," she says. "Crushed silicon is 0.71 square metres per gram. So our particles have more than 50 times the surface area, which gives us a larger surface area for lithiation, with plenty of void space to accommodate expansion." The porous silicon powder is mixed with a binder, pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which offers conductive and structural support.
"As a powder, they can be used in large-scale roll-to-roll processing by industry," Thakur adds. "The material is very simple to synthesise, cost-effective and gives high energy capacity over a large number of cycles."
"This work shows just how important and useful it is to be able to control the internal pores and the external size of the silicon particles," Wong continues.
In recent experiments, Thakur designed a half-cell battery with lithium metal as the counter electrode and fixed the capacity of the anode to 1,000 mAh/g. That was only about a third of its theoretical capacity, but three times better than current batteries.
The anodes lasted 600 charge-discharge cycles at a C/2 rate (two hours to charge and two hours to discharge). Another anode continues to cycle at a C/5 rate (five-hour charge and five-hour discharge) and is expected to remain at 1,000 mAh/g for more than 700 cycles.
"This successful endeavour between Rice University and Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and Sensors will provide a significant improvement in battery technology by the development of this inexpensive manufacturing technique for silicon anode material," comments Steven Sinsabaugh, a Lockheed Martin Fellow who works with LANCER and a co-author of the paper along with Lockheed Martin researcher Mark Isaacson. "We're truly excited about this breakthrough and are looking forward to transitioning this technology to the commercial marketplace."
A half-cell battery that incorporates a porous silicon which has achieved more than 600 charge-discharge cycles in the lab. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)
"The next step will be to test this porous silicon powder as an anode in a full battery," Biswal concludes. "Our preliminary results with cobalt oxide as the cathode appear very promising, and there are new cathode materials that we'd like to investigate."
